Organizational Patterns
of Paragraphs
1. Definition by Melisa Indriani E
Frequently
in textbook reading, an entire paragraph is devoted to defining a complex term
or idea. The concept is initially defined and then further expanded with
examples and restatements.
Signal
words often used for definition are:
|
|
is
defined as
means
is
described as
|
is
called
refers
to
term
or concept
|
Example :
What’s Poetry ?
Poetry
is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through meaning, sound, and
rhythmic language choices so as to evoke an emotional response. Poetry has been
known to employ meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary. Poetry is
an ancient form that has gone through numerous and drastic reinvention over
time. The very nature of poetry as an authentic and individual mode of
expression makes it nearly impossible to define.
Definition of History by Experts
Aristoteles
Sejarah
adalah satu sistem yang meneliti satu kejadian sejak awal dan tersusun dalam
bentuk kronologi. Pada masa yang sama, menurut beliau juga sejarah adalah
peristiwa-peristiwa masa lalu yang mempunyai catatan, rekor-rekor, atau
bukti-bukti yang konkret.
J.V.
Bryce
Sejarah
adalah catatan dari apa yang telah dipikirkan, dikatakan, dan diperbuat oleh
manusia.
W.H. Walsh
Sejarah
itu menitikberatkan pada pencatatan yang berarti dan penting saja bagi manusia.
Catatan itu meliputi tindakan-tindakan dan pengalaman-pengalaman manusia di
masa lampau pada hal-hal yang penting sehingga merupakan cerita yang berarti.
2. Time Order by Nur Hijjatil Janah
Items are listed
in the order in which they occurred or in a specifically planned order in which
they must develop. In this case, the order is important and changing it
would change the meaning.
Signal
words often used for time order or sequence are:
|
|
first,
second, third
before,
after
when
later
|
until
at
last
next
|
Example Time
Order: Narration
Narration
the Evolution Of computer in the relatively short span of sixty years, there
has been an incredible evolution in the size and capabilities of computer Today
computer chips smaller than the tip of your fingernail have the same
capabilities as the room-sized machines of years ago. The first computer where
developed around 1945. They were so large that they required special
air-conditioned rooms. About twenty years later, in the 1960 s, desk-sized
computers were developed. This represented a gigantic advance. Before the end
of that same decade, however, a third generation of computer, which used simple
integrated circuits and which were even smaller and faster, had appeared. In
1971, the first microprocessor, less than one square centimeter in size, was
developed. Today modern microprocessors contain as many as 10 million
microprocessors doubles every eighteen months. Time Order: process cloning
technology background information: in 1997, a lamb born in scot land became
instant celebrity. An exact duplicate of her six-year-old mother, Dolly was the
first animal cloned from the cells of an adult. Other animals had previously
been cloned from the cells of embryos, but Dolly was the first animal to come
from an adult. Her birth represented a giant step in cloning Technology. The
cloning of Dolly involved several steps. First, cells that had previously been
taken from Dolly's mother were starved for five days, which caused them to stop
dividing. This Interruption of the cells' division cycle made it easier for
them to reprogram themselves to start growing a new organism. After five days,
the nuclei of these cell were removed and transferred into an unfertilized
sheep egg, from which the natural nucleus had previously been removed. In the
next step. The egg was grown in the laboratory for a period of time. Then the
egg was implanted into a different sheep, where it grew normally. When the
sheep finally gave birth, the lamb was an exact genetic copy, or clone, of the
sheep that had provided the transferred nucleus, not of the sheep that provided
the egg.
Topic Sentences for Time
order notice that the topic sentence of a Time paragraph in some way indicates
the time order. In paragraphs such as the one on computers, phrases such as in
the relatively short span of sixty years and evolution give the reader a hint
that this is a time order paragraph. In a "how to" or process,
paragraph such as the one about cloning technology the process to be described
is named in the topic sentence and tells the reader to expect a Time Order
paragraph.
3. Simple Listing by Zulfikar Danuel Rachmadi
Items
are randomly listed in a series of supporting facts or details. These supporting
elements are of equal value, and the order in which they are presented is of no
importance. Changing the order of the items does not change the meaning
of the paragraph.
Signal
words often used for simple listing are:
|
|
in
addition
another
for
example
|
also
several
a
number of
|
Example
INTERVIEWING FOR A JOB
There are several things you should
remember when interviewing for a job. Be sure to show up on time- there is no
excuse for being late. In addition, you should dress to look like a successful
company employee. Also, do not smoke, chew gum, or accepted candy even if it is
offered.
4. Comparison - Contrast by Rama Kusdianto
Items
are related by the comparisons (similarities) that are made or by the contrasts
(differences) that are presented. The author's purpose is to show
similarities and differences.
Signal
words often used for comparison-contrast are:
|
|
similar,
different
on
the other hand
but
however
|
bigger
than, smaller than
in
the same way
parallels
|
Example :
Comparison Example:
The atmosphere of Earth acts like any window in
serving two very important functions: to let light in and to permit us to look
out and to guard Earth from dangerous or uncomfortable things. A normal glazed window
lets us keep our house warm by keeping out cold air. In such a way, the Earth’s
atmospheric window helps to keep our planet to a comfortable temperature by
holding back radiated heat and protecting us from dangerous levels of
ultraviolet light. Just like a window which prevents rain, dirt, and unwelcome
insects and animals from coming in, scientists have discovered that space is
full of a great many very dangerous things against which our atmosphere guards
us.
The paragraph above are explain us the comparison
between an atmosphere and a window.
Contrast
Example:
Differences between the potential of girls’ and boys’
could be observed since their childhood. Female infants speak sooner, have
larger vocabularies, and rarely demonstrate speech defects. (Stuttering, for
instance, occurs almost exclusively among boys.) Girls exceed boys in language
abilities, and this early linguistic bias often prevails throughout life. Girls
read sooner, learn foreign languages more easily, and, as a result, are more likely
to enter occupations involving language mastery. Boys, in contrast, show an early visual superiority. They are also
clumsier, performing poorly at something like arranging a row of beads, but
excel at other activities calling on total body coordination. Their attentional
mechanisms are also different. A boy will react to an inanimate object as
quickly as he will to a person. A male baby will often ignore the mother and
babble to a blinking light, fixate on a geometric figure, and at a later point,
manipulate it and attempt to take it apart.
The Paragraph explain about
why a boy and girl have a different potential. The bold character tell the
contrast
5. Cause and Effect by Rizky Yuda Utama
In
this pattern, one item is showed as having produced another element. An
event (effect) is said to have happened because of some situation or
circumstance (cause). The cause (the action) stimulates the event or
effect (the outcome).
Signal
words often used for cause and effect are:
|
|
for
this reason
consequently
on
that account
|
hence
because
made
|
Example
Sally closed the window because the weather outside was cold.
the CAUSE is the fact that the room was cold, and the EFFECT is Sally's closing the window
